Would like means “want”, but it is more polite. 

We usually use the short forms:  I’d / you’d / he’d  / she’d / we’d / they’d like; I wouldn’t like, etc.
Examples:
     I’d like to go there.
     Would you like milk in your tea?
     I wouldn’t like milk but I’d like lemonade.

We use ought to + infinitive or should + infinitive for obligation and advice or to say what is the right thing or the best thing to do.  We also use ought to + infinitive or should + infinitive to say that something is probable, either in the present or the future. 

Ought to means the same as should.  After should we use the base form WITHOUT to. 

There is only one form of should and ought to for all persons: 
     I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They should/ought to go.                     

Modal verbs express meanings such as necessity and possibility.  We can use modal verbs to tell or allow people to do things; or we can use them to say how certain or uncertain we are.

We use may or might + infinitive (or base form) without 'TO' to talk about something that is possible now or in the future. 

Both have to and have got to express the same meaning -- necessity which is outside the speaker.

Examples:
     I have to go to Japan next week.
     I have got to go to Japan next week.  (short form of have got to = 've got to)